Key moments in Exeter's history

Exeter, a city with a rich and varied history, has experienced numerous significant events that have shaped its evolution over the centuries. From its origins in Roman Britain to its modern-day status as a vibrant cultural hub, Exeter's past is a tapestry of pivotal moments. Here are some of the key events that have defined the city.

Roman Foundation and Isca Dumnoniorum

Exeter's history began with the Roman occupation around AD 50 when it was established as Isca Dumnoniorum. Serving as a key military base, Isca was the southwestern terminus of the Fosse Way, a major Roman road. The Romans constructed a fortified settlement, complete with walls, baths, and administrative buildings. This infrastructure laid the foundation for Exeter’s development and prominence in the region.

The Saxon Era and the Cathedral’s Origins

Following the Roman withdrawal in the early 5th century, Exeter came under Saxon control. By the late 7th century, it had emerged as a significant religious centre. In 1050, Bishop Leofric moved the Episcopal see to Exeter, establishing the roots of what would become the Exeter Cathedral. Originally a Saxon minster, the cathedral was later rebuilt in the Norman style and eventually transformed into the Gothic structure that dominates the city’s skyline today.

Norman Conquest and the Siege of Exeter

The Norman Conquest of 1066 was a transformative period for Exeter. In 1068, Exeter resisted William the Conqueror's rule, leading to a brutal siege. The city ultimately surrendered, and William ordered the construction of Rougemont Castle within the Roman walls to assert his control. The castle became a symbol of Norman authority and played a crucial role in Exeter’s medieval history, serving as a fortification and administrative centre.

Medieval Prosperity and the Wool Trade

During the 13th and 14th centuries, Exeter flourished economically, primarily due to the wool trade. The city’s merchants exported high-quality woollen cloth to Europe, bringing significant wealth and growth. This period saw the construction of important buildings like the Guildhall and Tuckers Hall, reflecting Exeter’s prosperity. The city's thriving economy established it as one of medieval England’s key urban centres.

The Prayer Book Rebellion and Civil War

The 16th and 17th centuries were tumultuous times for Exeter. In 1549, the city was a focal point of the Prayer Book Rebellion, a response to the imposition of the English Book of Common Prayer. Local peasants and gentry laid siege to Exeter, but royal forces eventually quashed the rebellion. During the English Civil War (1642-1651), Exeter initially supported the Royalists before falling to Parliamentarian troops in 1646, marking another period of conflict and change.

Industrial Revolution and Modernization

The Industrial Revolution brought significant changes to Exeter in the 18th and 19th centuries. While not a major industrial centre, the city developed various industries, including wool, paper, and leather. The construction of the Exeter Canal in 1566, and its later improvements, boosted trade and commerce. The arrival of the railway in the 1840s further enhanced Exeter’s connectivity and economic development.

World War II and Post-War Reconstruction

World War II marked a challenging period for Exeter, especially during the Baedeker Blitz in 1942, which caused extensive damage to its historic buildings. The post-war era saw a determined effort to rebuild and modernise the city while preserving its heritage. Significant reconstruction projects revitalised Exeter, paving the way for its contemporary status as a dynamic and thriving city.